Canadian taxpayers have until May 1st, 2023 to file their 2022 taxes (April 30th falls on a Sunday). However, as the calendar turns over to a new year many Canadians want to know how best to maximize their tax refund or minimize what they owe the government.
Related: How a “first 60 days’ assessment saves me taxes year round
The two main ways to reduce taxes owing are through tax deductions and tax credits. What’s the difference between a tax deduction and a tax credit? Let’s explore:
Tax Deductions
A tax deduction reduces your taxable income. The value of a deduction depends on your marginal tax rate. So, if your income is more than $221,708, you’d be taxed at the federal rate of 33% and a $1,000 tax deduction would save you $330 in federal tax. On the other hand, if you earn less than $50,197, you’d be taxed at the federal rate of only 15% and a $1,000 tax deduction would only save you $150 in federal tax.
Two of the most valuable tax deductions are:
RRSP contributions
Your RRSP contribution is an example of a tax deduction, and is likely the best tax saving strategy available to the majority of Canadian taxpayers. The contribution reduces your net income, which in turn reduces your taxes owing. An added bonus for families who contribute to RRSPs is that the resulting lower net income will likely increase their Canada Child Benefit.
You have until 60 days of the current year to make a contribution to your RRSP and apply the deduction towards last year’s taxes. One tip for those who know in advance how much they’ll be contributing to their RRSP is to fill out the form T1213 – Request to Reduce Tax Deductions at Source.
Related: How to crush your RRSP contributions next year
You can contribute 18% of your income, up to a limit of $29,210 (2022). Watch out for RRSP over contributions – there’s a built-in safeguard where you can over contribute by $2,000. Excess contributions are taxed at a punitive 1% per month.
Child-care expenses
Day care is likely one of the largest expenses for young families today. Child-care expenses can be used as an eligible tax deduction on your tax return.
Typically, child-care expenses must be claimed by the lower income spouse. One exception is if the lower income spouse is enrolled in school and cannot provide child-care, the higher income spouse can claim the child-care costs.
The basic limit for child-care expenses are:
- $8,000 for each child under 7 years of age at the end of the year
- $5,000 for each child between 7 and 16 years of age
- $11,000 for each child who qualifies for the disability tax credit
Note that most overnight camps and summer day camps are also eligible for the child-care deduction.
Tax Deductions checklist:
- RRSP contributions
- Union or professional dues
- Child-care expenses
- Moving expenses
- Support payments
- Employment expenses (w/ T2200)
- Carrying charges or interest expense to earn business or investment income
Tax Credits:
There are two types of tax credits – refundable and non-refundable. A non-refundable tax credit is applied directly against your tax payable. So if you have tax owing of $500 and get a tax credit of $100, you now owe just $400. If you don’t owe any tax, non-refundable credits are of no benefit.
For refundable tax credits such as the GST/HST credit, you will receive the credit even if you have no tax owing.
Three of the most valuable tax credits are:
Basic Personal Amount
The best example of a non-refundable tax credit is the basic personal amount, which every Canadian resident is entitled to claim on his or her tax return. The basic personal amount for 2022 is $14,398.
Instead of paying taxes on your entire income, you only pay taxes on the remaining income once the basic personal amount has been applied.
Spousal Amount
You can claim all or a portion of the spousal amount ($14,398) if you support your spouse or common-law partner, as long as his or her net income is less than $14,398. The amount is reduced by any net income earned by the spouse, and it can only be claimed by one person for their spouse or common-law partner.
Age Amount
The Age Amount tax credit is available to Canadians aged 65 or older (at the end of the tax year). The federal age amount for 2022 is $7,898. This amount is reduced by 15% of income exceeding a threshold amount of $39,826, and is eliminated when income exceeds $92,479.
The Age Amount tax credit is calculated using the lowest tax rate (15% federally), so the maximum federal tax credit is $1,184.70 for 2022 ($7,898 x 0.15).
Note that the age amount can be transferred to the spouse if the individual claiming this credit cannot utilize the entire amount before reducing his or her taxes to zero.
Tax Credits checklist:
- Work from home expenses
- Adoption expenses
- Interest paid on student loans
- Tuition and education amounts
- (T2202, TL11A), and exam fees
- Medical expenses (including details of insurance reimbursements)
- Donations or political contributions
The Verdict on Tax Deductions and Tax Credits:
Tax deductions are straightforward – if you earned $60,000 and made a $5,000 RRSP contribution your taxable income will be reduced to $55,000. Deductions typically result in bigger tax savings than credits as long as your marginal tax rate is higher than 15%.
A non-refundable tax credit, on the other hand, must be applied to any taxes owing and is first multiplied by 15%. That means a $5,000 non-refundable tax credit would only result in about $750 in tax savings.
The most overlooked tax credits and tax deductions (the ones most likely to go unclaimed) are medical expenses, union dues, moving expenses, student loan interest, childcare expenses, and employment expenses (including work from home expenses).
That’s why it’s important that Canadian tax filers make a checklist of every tax deduction and tax credit available to them at tax-time and take advantage of all that apply to their situation.
It’s a classic mistake I’ve seen time and time again. You scramble to make your RRSP contribution before the deadline and then give yourself a giant pat on the back. But wait a minute. You’re not done yet. Not if your RRSP contribution is just sitting idly in cash.
You need to put that RRSP money to work.
Remember, you don’t actually “buy RRSPs”. Your RRSP is simply a container in which you can hold a wide variety of investments such as GICs, bonds, stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds (ETFs).
It’s those investments that offer returns that hopefully beat inflation over time and provide you with a nest egg to draw from in retirement.
The RRSP container keeps those investment gains sheltered from the tax man until it’s time to withdraw the funds – the idea being that you’re in a lower tax bracket than you are when you made the contribution.
Your RRSP Contribution in Three Steps
Think of your RRSP as a three-step process.
- Open an RRSP account (if you haven’t done so already) at a bank, credit union, investment firm, robo-advisor, or online brokerage account.
- Contribute to your RRSP (transfer money into it from your chequing account).
- Purchase the investment that aligns with the asset allocation outlined in your financial plan.
That allocation will be different for everyone. A conservative-minded investor might be happy with a 5-year GIC, while a do-it-yourself investor with a long time horizon might gravitate towards a globally diversified portfolio of mutual funds or low cost ETFs.
Related: DIY Investing Made Easy
The point of an RRSP contribution is not just to get a tax refund – although that’s indeed a juicy perk. Your RRSP is for retirement savings. Every day your money sits in cash is a day it’s not earning interest, dividends, or capital gains.
You’ve heard that compound interest is the eighth wonder of the world? Albert Einstein said, “He who understands it, earns it … he who doesn’t … pays it.”
The other issue with simply holding cash in our RRSPs is the temptation to raid it for short-term needs instead of using it for its intended purpose – retirement. Sure, there are legitimate reasons to withdraw money early from your RRSP, such as the Home Buyers’ Plan, or to cover a gap in employment or financial hardship.
But how many Canadians contribute to their RRSP during RRSP season (i.e. the first 60 days of the year), simply for the allure of a big tax refund? At best many of us spend the refund instead of putting it into our RRSP, TFSA, or to pay down our mortgage. At worst some of us spend the refund AND take out our initial RRSP contribution to fund vacations, cars, or just to make ends meet. Don’t laugh, I’ve seen it.
That’s right, many of us are raiding our RRSP savings well before retirement. Indeed, Canada Revenue Agency once reported that 55% of total RRSP withdrawals were made by Canadians under 60. That’s an alarming number of people raiding their retirement savings!
Taking money from your RRSP early is troublesome for three reasons. One, you’ll permanently lose that contribution room in your RRSP. Two, you’ll pay taxes on any withdrawals because the amount is included in your taxable income for the year. Finally, you’ll miss out on that tax-sheltered compounding that could have turned your $5,000 contribution into more than $21,000 (assuming a 6% return for 25 years).
For all of these reasons you’ll want to make sure to contribute to your RRSP this year and then complete the process by purchasing an investment product that fits your age and risk profile.
You’ll not only get closer to your financial goals, but you’ll make it that much harder to raid your retirement fund for something frivolous. If your RRSP contribution is just sitting idly in cash, it’s much more tempting to move it back into your chequing account – which is what we’re trying to avoid.
It’s finally here. A do-it-yourself investing course for regular people who want to save on fees and complexity by using a low cost, all-in-one, automatically rebalancing ETF.
I want to help investors move on from paying 2% MER for a balanced mutual fund at their bank. I want to help new investors set up a sensible and globally diversified portfolio.
I also see the proliferation of questionable online investing courses promoting day trading, option writing, life insurance, crypto, etc. and I want to help investors avoid all of that nonsense.
I write about this stuff all the time, but understanding that you should reduce your investment fees and diversify your portfolio is one thing – the challenge is turning that understanding into action with your own investments.
That’s where I come in. In my work as a fee-only financial planner I’ve helped hundreds of clients make the switch to successful DIY investor.
We book a video call and share a screen so I can walk them through exactly how to open an account, open the appropriate account types, fund the account with new and recurring contributions, how to transfer existing accounts to their new self-directed platform, and how to buy and sell ETFs.
As one client recently said,
“I feel better about the decisions I will make in the future based on your recommendations. You just cut through the muck and lay it out very clearly.”
Indeed, my clients find this so valuable that I decided to record a series of videos and take it to the masses.
DIY Investing Made Easy
In DIY Investing Made Easy, you’ll get an introductory series of three videos where I explain why investment fees matter, why investing has been solved with low cost index funds, and why investing complexity has been solved with all-in-one ETFs.
I explain how to determine the right asset allocation ETF to choose based on your risk tolerance. That’s because these all-in-one ETFs come in a variety of flavours, from a conservative mix of 20% stocks and 80% bonds, to an aggressive 100% global equity ETF (and everything in between).
Finally, I explain your discount brokerage platform options – including when it makes sense to stick with your big bank’s online brokerage arm versus going with a lower cost or no cost provider.
From there I’ve created platform specific videos where I take you through opening an account, funding an account, transferring an existing account, and buying an ETF.
It’s basically me, sitting in your living room with my laptop showing you exactly how to get started as a DIY investor.
Please note the platform specific videos available right now include RBC Direct Investing, TD Direct Investing, Questrade, and Wealthsimple Trade.
While I do expect to add more online brokerage tutorials in the future, the process should be similar enough across other platforms that you’ll be able to navigate your way through it.
Final Thoughts
I’ve been working on this investing course for the past six months and I’m so excited to finally share DIY Investing Made Easy with all of you.
To be 100% clear, this is a paid product. For $399 you get access to the complete video series, with platform specific demonstrations for RBC Direct Investing, TD Direct Investing, Questrade, and Wealthsimple Trade.
With this video series you’ll have everything you need to make a successful transition to DIY investor by using a single asset allocation ETF.
Matt and Hanna, clients of mine from Duncan, BC, recently got a sneak preview of the video series to help with their own DIY investing transition and Matt offered up this kind feedback:
“Rest assured, the videos do not suck! Quite the opposite in fact. It took me all 5 minutes to watch them and make my transfer. The explanations were very easy to understand, and the screen view of the platform was very helpful. I actually said to Hanna that WealthSimple should just put these videos directly on their website.”
This investing course is for long-time holders of a big bank balanced mutual fund who want to save up to 90% in fees by switching to a low cost balanced ETF.
It’s also for fledgling stock pickers looking to reform, or brand new investors who just want to start off on the right foot with a sensible, easy to manage investing solution.
If this sounds like you, then head over to my DIY Investing Made Easy page and let’s get started!